Market Structures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Market Structures - Research Paper Example Following are the five market structures with the explanation of the scenario in which they are described in the book. Pure Competition A market structure is known as ‘pure competition’ when there are a large number of sellers or firms in the market. Due to the presence of a large number of sellers in the market, there is no possibility of the presence of monopoly, oligopoly or difference in prices. The competition brings the prices of products to a point that is determined natural by the market forces i.e. the demand and the supply. The example of pure competition in the book is given when the author describes the hamburger stands and restaurants that are located at the Route 66. The number of business operating in that one market is very large and the products provided by those businesses are almost the same. The example in the story suggests that there are a large number of small businesses that offer quick meals, candy, medications, gasoline and other essential commo dities. In the presence of a large number of sellers and substitute products, the buyers are given with a complete freedom to choose any feasible seller. In such a scenario, the sellers cannot keep prices any higher than those prevailing in the market. The impact of such a market structure on the sellers is not so beneficial as they are not allowed to keep a high profit margin and the profit they make is normal profit that is determined by the market forces. However, buyers on the other hand, are benefitted by such a market structure as they do not have to pay any higher than the normal price. In some circumstances, when there is excess supply in a perfect competition, the prices may lower even further due to the laissez faire market forces. Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic competition is a market structure that is the opposite of the perfect competition. Unlike perfect competition, in monopolistic competition, the products are differentiated and there are less or no substitute products in the market and the number of firms is also low. This scenario benefits the sellers as they are free to charge any price for any buyer. From the story line, the example of monopolistic competition can be extracted from Chapter 26 when one of the characters goes to market in order to buy some groceries. It is found out that all the prices, even those of the basic necessities, are inflated and there is nothing the buyer can do against it. This scenario rises because there is product differentiation and price differentiation in the market. The character, Ma, is surprised at each price she is told for the products she wishes to purchase. She even reminds the shopkeeper that not long ago the prices were significantly less than what he quotes and the shops in the town offer lower prices. Other sellers are present in the market that has been indicated as ‘town’ in the book, but the monopolistic competition in intact due to the geographic location and price differen tiation. Therefore there are no substitute products in the market. The sellers are free to charge any price at any profit margin and the buyers would have no influence over the prices and they would be compelled to buy at the inflated prices. Thus, in a monopolistic competition, the number of sellers in the market does not impact the overall competition due to lack of substitute products. The sellers are benefitted from this situation because they are free to

Quest for Self-Determination in I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings and Lak

Quest for Self-Determination in I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings and Lakota Woman      Ã‚  Ã‚   During their growing up years, children struggle to find their personal place in society. It is difficult for children to find their place when they are given numerous advantages, but when a child is oppressed by their parents or grandparents, males in their life, and the dominant culture, the road to achieving self-identity is fraught with enormous obstacles to overcome. Maya Angelou's I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings and Mary Crow Dog's Lakota Woman depict the two women's "triumph over formidable social obstacles and [their] struggle to achieve a sense of identity and self-acceptance" (Draper 1).    Both women grew up in segregated societies: Mary Crow Dog on the Rosebud Sioux Indian Reservation in South Dakota, and Maya Angelou in the black community of Stamps, Arkansas. As is common with minority children, they spent most of their childhood living with their grandparents. Both women also experienced oppression by their parents and grandparents, who are the first contact with other people that children have. Even though Mary's mother and grandmother spoke the Lakota language, they refused to teach it to Mary. They told her that "speaking Indian would only hold you back, turn you the wrong way" (Crow Dog 22). They wanted Mary to have a "white man's education" (Crow Dog 22).    In contrast, Maya was denied a white man's education, not only by the dominant culture but also by her grandmother. Maya attended the Lafayette County Training School, which was the school for blacks. In addition, Maya's grandmother forbade her from reading books by white authors. This restriction is exemplified in the following passage:    Bail... ...e barriers blocking their chosen path and achieve the power to lead their lives as they see fit.      Works Cited Angelou, Maya. I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. New York: Bantam, 1993. Crow Dog, Mary. Lakota Woman. New York: HarperPerennial, 1991. Draper, James P., ed., et al. Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 77. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1993. Mahtowin, "Mary Crow Dog: Real Life Hero." New Directions for Women, Vol. 21, No.2, March-April, 1992, p. 28. Narins, Brigham, and Deborah A. Stanley, eds., et al. Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 93. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1996. O'Neale, Sondra. "Reconstruction of the Composite Self: New Images of Black Women in Maya Angelou's Continuing Autobiography." Black Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation, edited by Mari Evans, Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984, pp. 25-37.    Quest for Self-Determination in I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings and Lak Quest for Self-Determination in I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings and Lakota Woman      Ã‚  Ã‚   During their growing up years, children struggle to find their personal place in society. It is difficult for children to find their place when they are given numerous advantages, but when a child is oppressed by their parents or grandparents, males in their life, and the dominant culture, the road to achieving self-identity is fraught with enormous obstacles to overcome. Maya Angelou's I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings and Mary Crow Dog's Lakota Woman depict the two women's "triumph over formidable social obstacles and [their] struggle to achieve a sense of identity and self-acceptance" (Draper 1).    Both women grew up in segregated societies: Mary Crow Dog on the Rosebud Sioux Indian Reservation in South Dakota, and Maya Angelou in the black community of Stamps, Arkansas. As is common with minority children, they spent most of their childhood living with their grandparents. Both women also experienced oppression by their parents and grandparents, who are the first contact with other people that children have. Even though Mary's mother and grandmother spoke the Lakota language, they refused to teach it to Mary. They told her that "speaking Indian would only hold you back, turn you the wrong way" (Crow Dog 22). They wanted Mary to have a "white man's education" (Crow Dog 22).    In contrast, Maya was denied a white man's education, not only by the dominant culture but also by her grandmother. Maya attended the Lafayette County Training School, which was the school for blacks. In addition, Maya's grandmother forbade her from reading books by white authors. This restriction is exemplified in the following passage:    Bail... ...e barriers blocking their chosen path and achieve the power to lead their lives as they see fit.      Works Cited Angelou, Maya. I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. New York: Bantam, 1993. Crow Dog, Mary. Lakota Woman. New York: HarperPerennial, 1991. Draper, James P., ed., et al. Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 77. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1993. Mahtowin, "Mary Crow Dog: Real Life Hero." New Directions for Women, Vol. 21, No.2, March-April, 1992, p. 28. Narins, Brigham, and Deborah A. Stanley, eds., et al. Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 93. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1996. O'Neale, Sondra. "Reconstruction of the Composite Self: New Images of Black Women in Maya Angelou's Continuing Autobiography." Black Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation, edited by Mari Evans, Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984, pp. 25-37.   

Mr. Omijie Famous

A Brief History of School Guidance and Counseling in the United States The history of school counseling formally started at the turn of the twentieth century, although a case can be made for tracing the foundations of counseling and guidance principles to ancient Greece and Rome with the philosophical teachings of Plato and Aristotle. There is also evidence to argue that some of the techniques and skills of modern-day guidance counselors were practiced by Catholic priests in the Middle Ages, as can be seen by the dedication to the concept of confidentiality within the confessional.Near the end of the sixteenth century, one of the first texts about career options appeared: The Universal Plaza of All the Professions of the World, (1626) written by Tomaso Garzoni. Nevertheless, formal guidance programs using specialized textbooks did not start until the turn of the twentieth century. The factors leading to the development of guidance and counseling in the United States began in the 1890 s with the social reform movement. The difficulties of people living in urban slums and the widespread use of child labor outraged many.One of the consequences was the compulsory education movement and shortly thereafter the vocational guidance movement, which, in its early days, was concerned with guiding people into the workforce to become productive members of society. The social and political reformer Frank Parsons is often credited with being the father of the vocational guidance movement. His work with the Civic Service House led to the development of the Boston Vocation Bureau. In 1909 the Boston Vocation Bureau helped outline a system of vocational guidance in the Boston public schools.The work of the bureau influenced the need for and the use of vocational guidance both in the United States and other countries. By 1918 there were documented accounts of the bureau's influence as far away as Uruguay and China. Guidance and counseling in these early years were considered to be mostly vocational in nature, but as the profession advanced other personal concerns became part of the school counselor's agenda. The United States' entry into World War I brought the need for assessment of large groups of draftees, in large part to select appropriate people for leadership positions.These early psychological assessments performed on large groups of people were quickly identified as being valuable tools to be used in the educational system, thus beginning the standardized testing movement that in the early twenty-first century is still a strong aspect of U. S. public education. At the same time, vocational guidance was spreading throughout the country, so that by 1918 more than 900 high schools had some type of vocational guidance system.In 1913 the National Vocational Guidance Association was formed and helped legitimize and increase the number of guidance counselors. Early vocational guidance counselors were often teachers appointed to assume the extra duties of t he position in addition to their regular teaching responsibilities. The 1920s and 1930s saw an expansion of counseling roles beyond working only with vocational concerns. Social, personal, and educational aspects of a student's life also needed attention. The Great Depression of the 1930s led to the restriction of funds for counseling programs.Not until 1938, after a recommendation from a presidential committee and the passage of the George Dean Act, which provided funds directly for the purposes of vocational guidance counseling, did guidance counselors start to see an increase in support for their work. After World War II a strong trend away from testing appeared. One of the main persons indirectly responsible for this shift was the American psychologist Carl Rogers. Many in the counseling field adopted his emphasis on â€Å"nondirective† (later called â€Å"client-centered†) counseling.Rogers published Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942 and Client-Centered Therapy in 1951. These two works defined a new counseling theory in complete contrast to previous theories in psychology and counseling. This new theory minimized counselor advice-giving and stressed the creation of conditions that left the client more in control of the counseling content. In 1958 the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was enacted, providing aid to education in the United States at all levels, public and private.Instituted primarily to stimulate the advancement of education in science, mathematics, and modern foreign languages, NDEA also provided aid in other areas, including technical education, area studies, geography, English as a second language, counseling and guidance, school libraries, and educational media centers. Further support for school counseling was spurred by the Soviet Union's launching of Sputnik and fears that other countries were outperforming the United States in the fields of mathematics and science.Hence, by providing appropriate funding for educa tion, including guidance and counseling, it was thought that more students would find their way into the sciences. Additionally, in the 1950s the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) was formed, furthering the professional identity of the school counselor. The work of C. Gilbert Wrenn, including his 1962 book The Counselor in a Changing World, brought to light the need for more cultural sensitivity on the part of school counselors.The 1960s also brought many more counseling theories to the field, including Frederick Perl's gestalt therapy, William Glasser's reality therapy, Abraham Maslow and Rollo May's existential approach, and John Krumboltz's behavioral counseling approach. It was during this time that legislative support and an amendment to the NDEA provided funds for training and hiring school counselors with an elementary emphasis. In the 1970s the school counselor was beginning to be defined as part of a larger program, as opposed to being the entire program.There wa s an emphasis on accountability of services provided by school counselors and the benefits that could be obtained with structured evaluations. This decade also gave rise to the special education movement. The educational and counseling needs of students with disabilities was addressed with the passage of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975. The 1980s saw the development of training standards and criteria for school counseling. This was also a time of more intense evaluation of education as a whole and counseling programs in particular.In order for schools to provide adequate educational opportunities for individuals with disabilities, school counselors were trained to adapt the educational environment to student needs. The duties and roles of many counselors began to change considerably. Counselors started finding themselves as gatekeepers to Individualized Education Programs (IEP) and Student Study Teams (SST) as well as consultants to special education teachers, especially after passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990.The development of national educational standards and the school reform movement of the 1990s ignored school counseling as an integral part of a student's educational development. The ASCA compensated partially with the development of national standards for school counseling programs. These standards clearly defined the roles and responsibilities of school counseling programs and showed the necessity of school counseling for the overall educational development of every student. Major Roles and Functions for School Counselors

Animal Cruelty Essay - 970 Words

Imagine if you were thrown in a cage, beat to the verge of life, and all of this for no exact reason. These are some of the many hardships done to animals. All of this done for the entertainment of others and because of this, millions of animals are being abused every day. What is animal cruelty? Wikipedia states: â€Å"Cruelty to animals or animal abuse is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defense†. To put it in other words its harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for food or for their fur. Many people may say that that in an ideal world, animal cruelty would not exist. And, because were not an ideal world, animals are abused and beaten every single day. Should animals†¦show more content†¦These tests can cause considerable pain and distress including blindness, swollen eyes, sore bleeding skin, internal bleeding and organ damage, birth defects, convulsions and death. In addition, pain relief is not provided and at the end of a test the animals are killed, normally by asphyxiation, neck-breaking or decapitation. Almost without exception, companies have a choice about on whether or not to test on animals. In the majority of cases, animal tests continue because some companies insist on developing and using â€Å"new† ingredients. These are ingredients that don’t have existing safety data because they’re new. So new safety data has to be generated to satisfy the regulators before a product can go on sale, and that means new animal testing. In addition, there’s also something called fur farms where more than 45 million animals worldwide, including raccoon dogs, rabbits, foxes, mink, and chinchillas, are raised in cages and killed each year for their fur. Not only are cage-raised animals killed inhumanely, but they suffer from numerous physical and behavioral abnormalities induced by the stress of caging conditions. After spending their short lives in squalid conditions, animals raised on fur farms are killed by cruel methods thatShow MoreRelatedAnimal Cruelty Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pages once argued that, â€Å"animals are not sentient- they are machines, like mechanical clocks, devoid of feelings and incapable of experiencing pleasure or pain† (Vaughn). Today, unlike Descartes, most people believe that animals are intrinsically or instrumentally valuable, also, whether they have or deserve any rights. Defining what cruelty is has been very subjective. To some people. An animal is just property and th ey can beat it around as much as they want, to others, animals are part of their familyRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesAnimals around the world are being taken out of their natural habitats, being breaded and fed antibiotics. Cruelty among the animals range from puppy mills, zoos, factory farms, and many more. People who hurt animals may not even know they’re doing harm to them, but animals are dying all around us. According to Dà ©sirà ©e Achollo of People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), families that adopt rabbits, goldfish, and hermit crabs don’t take good enough care of the animals and the animals end upRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Essay examples1645 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, animal abuse has increased an unbelievable amount. I believe animal rights need to be enforced to people across the world. Animals are helpless creatures that should only be making the world a better place. I will enforce my belief by explaining what animal cruelty are, animal abandonment laws, and how to report animal cruelty. Transition: First, I am going to talk about the different types of animal cruelty. I. When people hear the two words animal cruelty, many think thisRead MoreEssay on Animal Abuse and Cruelty to Animals5098 Words   |  21 Pages In years of humanitys existence, the role of the animals can be considered as one of the factors that have greatly shaped human culture. The contribution of the animals to society is of much importance as it has generously benefited the people since the distant past. Animals have always been a source of food, clothing, and subservient workforce for humankind. These animals have also taken part in the religious customs, either for religious sacrifices or worshiping, done way back the earliestRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Cruelty1373 Words   |  6 PagesIf animals could talk, what would they say? They would stand up for themselves. As you read these, another innocent animal is being abused, neglected, or being harmed in some other way. Animal cruelty is wrong and happening all over the world although one may not notice. A nimals in zoos and circuses are abused. They are used for testing, although there are many other alternatives. Companies use them for their leather and fur products. Circuses force them to do tricks and keep them in cages. ThereRead MoreCritical Analysis Essay : Animal Cruelty1785 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Analysis Essay (Title TBA) Human history has consisted of animals being the foundation of our success as a continually thriving species. Animals affect the nature of everything around us; basic human necessities such as food and clothing are products of animals, other more desirable things include security, companionship, entertainment etc. Many animals are often mistreated due to human agenda and human desires. Humans have become the dominating species of our world, because of this, weRead MoreSpeech: Animal Cruelty Essay498 Words   |  2 PagesSpeech: Animal Cruelty A Beagle becomes a chain smoker in a medical lab. He smokes through a machine linked to his wind pipe by a tube. This experiment is designed to study the connection between smoking and lung disease. Between seventeen and twenty-two million animals are used in research each year. Another astonishing fact is that city pounds put to sleep between ten and sixteen point seven million dogs and cats each year. Well I know you are all saying Yeah, Yeah butRead MoreUnderstanding Animal Cruelty Essay example2352 Words   |  10 PagesOne has to know what animal cruelty is before they can fight it affectively. Every day in the United States, animals are beaten, neglected, or forced to struggle for survival. (LearningToLive.org 1)We must stand as one to help these animals and punish their heartless owners (LearningToLive.org 1). We must speak out for them, if now us who? (LearningToLive.org 1). According to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) animal cruelty is defined as â€Å"Acts of violence orRead MoreA Brief History of Animal Abuse and Cruelty Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagesattracted by black smoke. She managed to put out the the flames with her sweater and proceeded to rush him to a small animal hospital with severe burns over his whole body and a serious ankle infection. Although he lost 60% off of both of his ears he maintained almost complete mobility of his leg. He still has a slight limp. Judi Bunge, a senior vet technician at Buffalo Small Animal Hospital who had been looking after Phoenix, adopted him soon after he had fully recovered. He now lives with Judi andRead MoreEssay on Informative Speech Outline: Animal Cruelty1987 Words   |  8 PagesMillions of animals are abused each year. Over a million of these animals are abused or killed just due to the involvement with domestic violence. Despite animal cruelty being a felony which can result in jail time for over 15 years and 500,000 dollars in fines, it is still an issue which occurs on a daily basis across the United States. It is important for these animals to not go unnoticed, which can be achieved if society became more enlightened and educated on the t opic of animal cruelty. (Pacelle